Chemists synthesize a new allotrope of carbon

In a new study led by Oxford University’s Department of Chemistry, chemists have demonstrated the synthesis of a cyclocarbon that is stable enough for spectroscopic characterization in solution at room temperature. The study is published in the journal Science.

The synthesis of a new type of molecular carbon allotrope that can be studied under normal laboratory conditions is a rare achievement. The only previous example was the synthesis of fullerenes in 1990.

In the new study, the molecule cyclo[48]carbon was synthesized as a catenane, i.e. with the C₄₈ ring threaded through three other macrocycles. These threaded macrocycles increase the stability of C₄₈ by preventing access to the protected cyclocarbon.

Previously, molecular rings consisting purely of carbon atoms have only been studied in the gas phase or at very low temperatures (4 to 10 K). Now, the team have synthesized a cyclocarbon that is stable in solution at 20°C (half-life 92 hours). This has been achieved by using threaded macrocycles, choosing a large cyclocarbon with a low level of strain, and developing mild reaction conditions for the unmasking step in the reaction (where a precursor molecule is transformed into the final product).

The cyclocarbon catenane was characterized by mass spectrometry, NMR, UV-visible and Raman spectroscopy. The observation of a single intense ¹³C NMR resonance for all 48 sp¹ carbon atoms indicates that all of the carbons are in equivalent environments, which provides strong evidence for the cyclocarbon catenane structure.

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Lead author Dr. Yueze Gao (Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford) said, “Achieving stable cyclocarbons in a vial at ambient conditions is a fundamental step. This will make it easier to study their reactivity and properties under normal laboratory conditions.”

Study senior author, Professor Harry Andersen (Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford), said, “This achievement marks the culmination of a long endeavor to synthesize cyclocarbon catenanes, based on the hope that they might be stable enough to study at room temperature.

“The original grant proposal was written in 2016, based on preliminary results from 2012,2015. It is satisfying to have reached this point, because there were many times when the goal seemed unrealistic and unachievable. This work would not have been possible without the outstanding facilities for NMR spectroscopy in the Department of Chemistry at Oxford.”