Few plants are as closely linked to Ancient Greek culture as the bay laurel (Laurus nobilis). This aromatic Mediterranean tree held not only culinary significance but also profound symbolic meaning in the ancient world.
Native to mild, semi-mountainous regions across the Mediterranean, the laurel thrives on shady slopes and in humid areas. Its glossy, dark green leaves are rich in aromatic oils, which have made them a staple in cooking for centuries. Typically harvested and dried, the leaves develop an even more intense fragrance as they age, further enhancing their culinary and symbolic value.
The bay laurel in ancient and modern Greek cuisine
Beyond its mythological significance, the bay laurel played an important role in Ancient Greek cooking. Its leaves were used to flavor meats, fish, broths, legumes, and a variety of other dishes. With a warm, slightly bitter aroma, bay leaf was especially valued for enhancing rich or heavy preparations.
Like many Mediterranean aromatic herbs, the bay laurel also possesses natural antimicrobial properties. This made it useful not only in cooking but also in food preservation. Leaves were placed in cured meats, stored foods, and even grain containers to help protect against insects and spoilage.
Today, bay leaves remain a staple of Mediterranean cuisine and are most commonly used with legumes and pulses, including beans and lentils, as well as in cooked meats, sauces, and broths. Often combined with other herbs such as thyme and oregano, bay leaf contributes to the distinctive and fragrant character of Greek cooking.
Ancient Greek botanist Theophrastus and the bay laurel
Theophrastus, often called the “father of botany,” was a Greek philosopher and naturalist who lived from approximately 371 to 287 BC. A student and close associate of Aristotle, he succeeded his teacher as the head of the Lyceum in Athens. While Aristotle laid the foundations for many scientific disciplines, Theophrastus expanded them, particularly in the study of plants.
His two major botanical works, Enquiry Into Plants and On the Causes of Plants, represent some of the earliest systematic efforts to observe, classify, and understand the plant world. Among the many species he studied, the laurel held a special place for both its physical characteristics and its significance. Known for its glossy evergreen leaves and aromatic qualities, the bay laurel was already deeply embedded in Greek life and culture. Theophrastus examined the plant’s growth, habitat, and practical uses, while acknowledging its revered status.
In his writings, Theophrastus highlights the resilience and adaptability of the bay laurel. He noted that it thrives in diverse soils and climates, maintaining vitality even under less favorable conditions. This hardiness likely contributed to its symbolic association with endurance and excellence. He was particularly attentive to the tree’s structure, describing its leaves, bark, and method of propagation.
The aromatic nature of the laurel also captured his interest. When crushed, the leaves release a distinctive fragrance, which Theophrastus connected to both practical and ritual purposes. They were valued in culinary practices, medicine, and religious ceremonies—used to flavor food, fashion garlands, and purify spaces. In this way, the bay laurel embodied the close relationship between nature and human life, a theme central to Theophrastus’ philosophy.
The myth of Daphne and Apollo
The most famous myth linking the bay laurel to Greek culture is the story of Daphne and Apollo, the god of prophecy, music, and poetry. In Greek, the bay laurel is called daphne (Δάφνη). According to myth, Daphne was a beautiful nymph whose greatest desire was to remain unmarried, content to wander freely through the watery groves of her home with her fellow nymphs.
In some versions of the story, Daphne’s grove lay just below Delphi, a sacred site associated with Gaia, the primordial earth goddess and mother of the sky, sea, and mountains. Gaia’s child, the great serpent Python, guarded the area. When Apollo arrived at Delphi to establish a sanctuary for himself, he killed Python and claimed Delphi as his own sacred domain.
Furious and grieving, Gaia appealed to Zeus, demanding that Apollo be punished. Zeus ordered Apollo to undertake a series of cleansing rituals, the first of which sent him to the Valley of Tempi (Vale of Tempe) to purify himself in the river as atonement for his transgression.
However, drunk on his victory over Python, Apollo soon encountered Eros, the winged god of desire. Mocking the young deity, Apollo declared that weapons like the bow and arrow were fit only for greater gods—implicitly belittling Eros and underestimating the power of love.
Apollo struck by Eros’ arrow
Eros, angered by Apollo’s arrogance, retaliated by shooting a golden arrow of desire into Apollo’s heart and a leaden arrow of repulsion into Daphne’s. From that moment, Apollo was consumed with love for the nymph, while Daphne felt an equal measure of aversion toward him.
Upon seeing Daphne, Apollo immediately pursued her, praising her beauty and yearning for her. But the nymph, devoted to a life of chastity and independence, recoiled from his advances, her aversion intensified by Eros’ leaden arrow. Despite her resistance, Apollo continued the chase, his desire growing with every attempt she made to evade him. Exhausted and terrified, Daphne finally cried out to her father for protection.
In one version of the myth, her father, the river god Peneus, transformed her into a bay laurel tree, allowing her to remain forever chaste and rest peacefully beside the waters of her birth. In another, Gaia answered her plea, opening the earth to swallow her and planting a bay laurel in her place.
Grieved by her loss, Apollo declared the bay laurel his sacred tree. He cut a branch from Daphne’s transformed form, fashioned a wreath, and returned to Delphi to proclaim his victory. According to Pausanias, Apollo even built a temple entirely of bay laurel and established the Pythian Games, a yearly festival and athletic competition honoring Python, the serpent he had slain.
The bay laurel as an eternal Greek symbol
The bay laurel remains a powerful symbol of Ancient Greece, enduring into modern Greek culture. Closely associated with Apollo, the tree became a religious emblem of ritual purification. The Pythia, or Delphic Oracle, chewed bay leaves and inhaled vapors from the sacred chasm as part of her ritual to enter a prophetic trance and receive Apollo’s guidance.
Beyond its religious significance, the bay laurel symbolized victory. In Greek and later Roman iconography, Apollo is consistently depicted wearing a laurel wreath. Numerous paintings, coins, and amphorae portray the wreath as a crown of triumph, awarded to victors in competitions like the Olympic Games. During the Pythian Games, laurels were especially prominent, with champions crowned in woven wreaths.
Musical contest winners were also honored in this way. In Porphyry’s On Images, Fragment 8, the philosopher noted:
“And they crowned him (Apollo) with laurel, partly because the plant is full of fire, and therefore hated by daemons; and partly because it crackles in burning, to represent the God’s prophetic art.”
Similarly, the Ancient Greek historian Pausanias observed in Description of Greece, Volume IV:
“The reason why a crown of laurel is the prize for a Pythian victory is, in my opinion, simply and solely because the prevailing tradition has it that Apollo fell in love with the daughter of Ladon (Daphne).”
The influence of the laurel extends far beyond Greece. Globally, the word “laurel” appears in titles and awards such as “Nobel Laureate” and “baccalaureate,” signifying distinction and achievement. More tangibly, the modern national emblem of Greece, adopted in 1975, features a blue shield with a white cross, encircled entirely by two laurel branches. The emblem represents victory, glory, and honor. From the sacred groves of ancient Delphi to contemporary Greek identity, this modest leaf embodies the spirit and legacy of an entire civilization.
